Objective To investigate the effect of microRNA-3651 （miR-3651） on proliferation， apoptosis and expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 （PTEN） in colon cancer cell line SW620. Methods The miR-3651 inhibitor （Inhibitor group） and the negative control fragment （NC group） were transfected into SW620 cells using Lipofectamine® 2000 liposome method. After 24 h-transfection， the miR-3651 levels of the two groups were detected by quantitative real-time PCR （QPCR）. The proliferation of the two groups was evaluated by MTT method after transfection of 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. The apoptotic rate and expression of apoptosis related proteins （PTEN and caspase-3） in two groups were detected by flow cytometry and Western blotting， respectively. Double fluorescence reporter assay was used to detect luciferase activity in order to verify the targeting regulation of miR-3651 on PTEN. Results The level of miR-3651 in the Inhibitor group was 0.482±0.159 at 24 h after transfection， which was lower than 1.015±0.241 of the NC group，and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. Compared with the NC group，the proliferative activity of SW620 cells in the Inhibitor group was significantly decreased（P<0.01）. The apoptotic rate of SW620 cells in Inhibitor group was （20.46±3.72）%， significantly higher than （4.73±0.85）% of the NC group，and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The levels of PTEN and caspase-3 in the Inhibitor group were 1.457±0.369 and 1.862±0.247，higher than 0.547±0.127 and 0.665±0.154 of the NC group，and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. MiR-3651 significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of cells transfected with wild type PTEN-3’UTR plasmid， but had no effect on the luciferase activity of mutant PTEN-3’UTR plasmid transfected cells. Conclusion MiR-3651 can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cell line SW620， which may be related to targeted regulation of PTEN expression， and may be a potential molecular target for colon cancer treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of microRNA-96 （miR-96） on proliferation， apoptosis and expression of spindlin1 （SPIN1） in cervical cancer cell line HeLa. Methods The miR-96 analog（mimics） and negative control were transfected into cervical cancer HeLa cells （miR-96 transfection group and miR-96 control group） by liposome， and the HeLa cells without transfection were chosen as non-transfection group. Real time quantitative PCR （QPCR） was used to detect the expression of miR-96 in each group at 48 h after transfection. MTT and flow cytometry were used to detect the proliferative and apoptotic rates at 48 h after transfection in each group. The mRNA and protein levels of SPIN1 in each group were detected by QPCR and Western blotting at 48 h after transfection，respectively. The relationship between miR-96 and SPIN1 was verified by double luciferase target test. Results At 48 h after transfection， the miR-96 levels were 1.068±0.053，1.175±0.084 and 2.434±0.088 in non-transfection group， miR-96 control group and miR-96 transfection group. The miR-96 level in miR-96 transfection group was higher than those of other two groups （P<0.05）. The proliferative rates were （99.633±5.059）%， （97.727±3.079）% and （62.023±5.425）%， and the apoptotic rates were （7.515±0.924）%，（8.123±1.247）% and （26.845±4.126）% in non-transfection group， miR-96 control group and miR-96 transfection group， respectively. Compared with other two groups，the proliferative rate of miR-96 transfection group decreased and the apoptotic rate increased （P<0.05）. The mRNA levels of SPIN1 were 0.965±0.046， 0.917±0.044 and 0.549±0.039，and the protein levels of SPIN1 were 0.667±0.042， 0.715±0.045 and 0.384±0.038 in non-transfection group，miR-96 control group and miR-96 transfection group， respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of SPIN1 in miR-96 transfection group were lower than those of other two groups，and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. MiR-96 inhibited luciferase activity of cells with wild-type SPIN1-3’UTR plasmid， but had no effect on luciferase activity in cells with mutant plasmid. Conclusion Overexpression of miR-96 can inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells and reduce the expression level of SPIN1. MiR-96 can target SPIN1 effectively and can be used as an effective target for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Objective To investigate the effect of microRNA-148a-3p（miR-148a-3p）on invasion， migration and expression of muscle RAS oncogene homolog（MRAS） in gastric cancer HGC-27 cells. Methods The cryopreserved gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 was recovered and cultured to the logarithmic growth phase. The miR-148a-3p analog and its negative control （miR-NC）were transfected into HGC-27 cells （miR-148a-3p transfection group and miR-NC group）， and HGC-27 cells without transfection were chosen as blank control（untransfection group）. The level of miR-148a-3p was detected by real-time quantitative PCR（QPCR） at 48 h after transfection. Transwell and scratch test were used to compare the number of penetrating-membrane cells and relative migration distance at 48 h after transfection in each group to evaluate the migration and invasion ability. The mRNA and protein levels of MRAS in each group at 48 h after transfection were detected by QPCR and Western blotting， respectively. Double luciferase reporter gene test was employed to verify the targeting regulation between miR-148a-3p and MRAS. Results QPCR detection showed that miR-148a-3p level of miR-148a-3p transfection group was 2.612±0.213，higher than 0.954±0.098 of untransfected group and 0.983±0.196 of miR-NC group，and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. Scratch results show that the relative migration distance of miR-148a-3p group was 0.615±0.019， lower than 1.021±0.019 of untransfection group and 0.948±0.022 of miR-NC group （P<0.05）. Transwell assay showed that the transmembrane cell number in miR-148a-3p transfected group was 83±17， less than 124±17 of untransfection group and 136±26 of miR-NC group （P<0.05）. QPCR and Western blotting results showed that mRNA and protein levels of MRAS in miR-148a-3p transfection group were 0.614±0.057 and 0.553±0.049， lower than 1.106±0.024 and 0.824±0.091 of untransfected group and 1.095±0.031 and 0.784±0.121 of miR-NC group （P<0.05）. MiR-148a-3p significantly decreased the luciferase activity of wild-type MRAS-3’untranslated region plasmid transfected cells， but had no significant inhibitory effect on the luciferase activity of mutant MRAS plasmid transfected cells.Conclusion MiR-148a-3p may inhibit the invasion and migration of gastric cancer HGC-27 cells by targeting MRAS.

Objective Using micro-PET imaging technology to evaluate the effect of hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC）-bearing mice treated by traditional Chinese compound medicine（Gexia Zhuyutang）. Methods Tweleve healthy nude mice of 20 weeks were randomly divided into intervention group and control group. Each mouse was subcutaneous inoculated of human HCC cells to establish Bel-7402 tumor-burdened model. After 1 week， each mouse in intervention group was gavaged by Gexia Zhuyutang 0.3 ml every day， while mice in the control group were given by 0.3 ml normal saline for two months. We then calculated the tumor size and inhibitory rate twice a week and drawed the tumor growth curve. All the tumor-bearing mice received 18F-FDG／18F-RGD micro-PET imaging at the 24 and 60 days.We detected the tissue absorption， standard uptake value（SUV） and tumor to muscle ratio（T／NT）. Results Twenty-four days after inoculation， the average volume of intervention group （74.8 mm3） was less than the control group （78.3 mm3）， but the difference was not statistically significant（P＞0.05）. The tissue absorption， SUV and T／NT of intervention group were respectively （5.54±1.59）%ID/g， 0.93±0.20 and 8.20±2.52 by 18F-FDG micro-PET， slightly smaller than the control group which were （5.92±1.23）%ID/g， 1.00±0.19 and 8.71±2.36（P＞0.05）. The tissue absorption， SUV and T／NT of intervention group were （4.08±0.64）%ID／g， 0.75±0.08 and 6.91±0.72 by 18F-RGD micro-PET， slightly smaller than the control group which were （4.61±1.08）%ID／g、0.87±0.16 and 7.00±1.40（P＞0.05）. At 60 days after inoculation， the average volume of intervention group and control group accumulated to 1854.4 mm3 and 1462.9 mm3. The tissue absorption， SUV and T／NT of intewention group were （3.56±0.54）%ID／g， 0.70±0.09 and 4.91±0.92（n=5） by 18F-FDG micro-PET，more than the control group which were 3.28%ID／g， 0.60 and 3.98（n=1）. The tissue absorption， SUV and T／NT of intervention group were （2.19±0.16）%ID／g， 0.51±0.04 and 4.15±0.57（n=4）by 18F-RGD micro-PET. The tumor weight of two group were （1.93±0.95）g（n=5）and 1.69 g（n=1），so the tumor inhibitory rate was -14.76%. The medium overall survive of intervention group was 60 d, longer than 40.5 d of control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The overall survival time of nude mice bearing HCC treated with Gexia Zhuyutang was prolonged possibly by inhibiting glucose absorption and angiogenesis. Micro-PET imaging technology can dynamically analyze the physiological and biochemical changes in animal models，and it also can be used for evaluating the effect of antitumor drugs in vivo.

Objective To investigate the expression of microRNA-361-5p （miR-361-5p） in oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC） and its relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods From January 2012 to December 2015 in our hospital， 84 cases of OSCC were collected for measurement of miR-361-5p by real-time quantitative PCR （QPCR）. The relationship between miR-361-5p expression and clinicopathological features of OSCC was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis， and 69 cases of normal oral mucosa in the same period were chosen as control. The receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC） was used to evaluate the effectiveness of tissue miR-361-5p levels in the early diagnosis of OSCC. Results The expression of miR-361-5p in OSCC was 0.306±0.024， lower than 1.054±0.040 of normal oral mucosa， and the difference was statistically significant （P=0.001）. The expression of miR-361-5p in OSCC was not related to age， sex， smoking and T staging， but was related to the degree of differentiation， clinical stage and lymph node metastasis （P<0.05）. In the patients with middle and high differentiation， clinical stage Ⅰ／Ⅱ and no lymph node metastasis， the expression levels were 0.356±0.028， 0.391±0.033 and 0.450±0.036， higher than 0.121±0.008 of poorly differentiated carcinoma， 0.168±0.016 of stage Ⅲ／Ⅳ and 0.168±0.013 of lymph node metastasis， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.001）. ROC curve analysis showed that area under the curve （AUC） of miR-361-5p in diagnosis of OSCC was 0.966 （95%CI： 0.939-0.993）， while AUC in diagnosis of OSCC with different clinical stages，lymph node metastasis and differentiation were 0.841 （95%CI：0.757-0.926）， 0.925 （95%CI：0.869-0.979） and 0.907 （95%CI：0.844-0.971），indicating a good diagnostic value of the tissue level of miR-361-5p for OSCC. The median OS of the whole group was 24.65 months，irrespective of age，sex，smoking， T stage and lymph node metastasis，but was related to the degree of differentiation，clinical stage and expression of miR-361-5p. Median OS at high miRNA-361-5p level was 29.90 months， longer than 18.70 months at low level，with a statistically significant difference （P<0.001）.
ConclusionLow expression of MiR-361-5p is closely related to the occurrence and development of OSCC and the prognosis of patients with lower miR-361-5p levels were poor.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of plasma sST2 levels in patients with osteosarcoma. Methods From January 2012 to December 2016， preoperative plasma samples from 68 patients and postoperative plasma samples from 33 patients with osteosarcoma were collected. The plasma samples of 75 healthy subjects were selected as control. The levels of sST2 in the above samples were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The difference of plasma sST2 levels between the preoperative samples and the healthy subjects and the changes of plasma sST2 levels before and after the operation of osteosarcoma were compared. The receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC） was used to evaluate the effectiveness of plasma sST2 levels in the early diagnosis of osteosarcoma. The relationship between plasma sST2 levels and clinicopathological features （sex， age， tumor site， Enneking stage， pathological subtype and AKP level） in osteosarcoma patients was further analyzed. Results The level of plasma sST2 in 68 patients with osteosarcoma was （392.71±176.93） pg／ml，higher than （67.61±32.47） pg／ml of 75 healthy subjects （P<0.05）. The postoperative level of plasma sST2 in 33 patients with osteosarcoma was （169.09±91.43） pg／ml， lower than （412.15±182.44） pg／ml of preoperative plasma specimens， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of sST2 in the diagnosis of osteosarcoma was 0.994 （95%CI：0.986-1.002）. When the cut-off value was 147.50 pg／ml， the sensitivity and specificity were 95.59% and 97.33%， respectively. Preoperative plasma sST2 levels are independent of gender， age， tumor location and pathological subtypes， but related with the Enneking stage and the level of AKP. The plasma level of sST2 was higher in stage Ⅲ than in stage Ⅱ， and compared with patients with the normal AKP， the plasma level of sST2 increased in patients with high-level AKP （P<0.05）.
Conclusion The plasma sST2 of patients with osteosarcoma increased and its level decreased after operation，and was associated with Enneking stage and AKP level. Preoperative level of sST2 may be related to the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma，which has a certain value in the evaluation and clinical diagnosis of osteosarcoma.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum long non-coding RNA （lncRNA） H19 levels and chemosensitivity to paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Methods From June 2014 to June 2016， 73 patients with advanced gastric cancer receiving paclitaxel-based chemotherapy were collected. Serum samples were collected and the levels of H19 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR （QPCR）. The relationship between serum H19 levels and clinicopathological features （sex， age， ECOG score， tumor site， differentiation and pathological type） in patients with gastric cancer were analyzed. The RECIST 1.1 version was used to evaluate the efficacy， and progression-free survival （PFS） and overall survival （OS） were investigated during the follow-up. We further analyzed the relationship between the serum level of H19 and the short-term efficacy and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Serum samples from 81 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC） was used to evaluate the predictive value of serum H19 levels in the response of gastric cancer to paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Results QPCR detection showed that the serum H19 levels of 73 patients with gastric cancer were 3.022±0.210， higher than 1.193±0.082 of 81 healthy subjects， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. The serum H19 levels were independent from ECOG score， age， gender， tumor location and pathological types， but related with the degree of differentiation. The serum H19 level of patients with low differentiation was 3.923±0.254， higher than 1.732±0.188 of patients with high differentiation， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. In this study， 73 cases were treated with chemotherapy for more than 2 cycles，and the short-term efficacy was evaluated. The serum level of H19 in 27 cases with chemotherapy sensitivity was 1.683±0.166， which was lower than 3.809±0.256 of chemotherapy resistance in 46 patients， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. ROC curve analysis showed that the area of serum H19 was 0.982 （95%CI： 0.966-0.998）in the prediction of gastric cancer response to different paclitaxel regimens. By the end of the follow-up period， the median PFS of 73 patients was 6.2 months and the median OS was 10.6 months. The patients were divided into high-level group （＞2.550） and low-level group （less than 2.550）， in which medium PFS of a low-level group was 7.2 months， higher than 5.3 months of high-level group （P<0.05）. There were no significant differences between different levels of H19 in term of OS. Conclusion The serum levels of H19 in patients with advanced gastric cancer were elevated and related to the sensitivity and PFS of paclitaxel containing regimen. Thus， the PFS and prognosis of the patients with lower levels were better.

Objective To investigate the role of angiopoietin-2 （Ang-2） in control of malignant pleural effusions （MPE） and prognosis in patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbentassay， the levels of Ang-2 were measured in both pleural effusions （PE） and serum from a total of 79 lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE. Data was analyzed with the efficacy of MPE control and prognosis. ResultsThe level of Ang-2 in PE was （26.67±8.82）pg／ml， and （361.18±97.58）pg／ml in serum. Ang-2 level in PE was the only one significant factor for MPE control when comparing with other demographic and laboratory data. Ang-2≥25.57 pg／ml in PE was used as a cut-off point for failure control of MPE. Logistic regression analysis showed that the level of Ang-2 in PE was an independent factor in the local control of PE（OR=5.65，95%CI：2.40-16.78，P<0.001）. In a multivariate analysis， the level of Ang-2 in PE （HR=1.15，95%CI：1.01-1.32） and MPE control status （HR=0.42， 95%CI：0.19-0.89） were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Conclusion The level of Ang-2 in PE appears to be a reliable surrogate marker in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy in the control of MPE and prognosis.

Objective To investigate the significance of hypoxia inducible factor-1α（HIF-1α） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in differential diagnosis of tuberculous and lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion. Methods From 108 patients with pleural effusion in our hospital from January 2012 to December 2013， 45 patients were enrolled and divided into lung cancer with pleural effusion （CA group， n=25） and tuberculous pleural effusion group （TB group， n=20） according to the pleural effusion property. The levels of HIF-1a and VEGF in serum and pleural fluid were measured in two groups， and the ratio of hydrothorax to serum VEGF （hydrothorax／serum VEGF） and the ratio of hydrothorax to serum HIF-1α （hydrothorax／serum HIF-1α） were calculated. The receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC） was used to analyze the efficacy of HIF-1a， VEGF， hydrothorax／serum HIF-1a and hydrothorax／serum VEGF in differentiating lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion from tuberculous pleural effusion. The sensitivity， specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the different combination patterns of hydrothorax HIF-1a， serum HIF-1a， hydrothorax VEGF and serum VEGF were analyzed. Results The hydrothorax level of HIF-1a in the CA group was （2.29±0.89） ng／ml， higher than （0.88±0.69） ng／ml in TB group， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The serum level of HIF-1a in CA group was （2.00±1.00） ng／ml， similar with （1.85±0.77） ng／ml in TB group （P＞0.05）. The level of hydrothorax levels of VEGF were （1035.31±687.64） pg／ml and （732.97±493.61） pg／ml and serum levels of VEGF were （491.25±278.33） pg／ml and （463.42±288.15） pg／ml in CA group and TB group （P＞0.05）. The level of hydrothorax／serum HIF-1α in CA group was 1.26±0.49， higher than 0.56±0.55 of TB group， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The levels of hydrothorax／serum VEGF were 2.85±2.73 and 2.02±1.58 in CA group and TB group， and the difference was not statistically significant （P＞0.05）. In differential diagnosing malignant and tuberculous pleural effusion， the sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 85% for HIF-1α alone， 92% and 85% for hydrothorax／serum HIF-1α alone， and 64% and 100% for HIF-1α and VEGF in serum and pleural effusion. Conclusion Both levels of HIF-1α in pleural effusion and pleural effusion／serum HIF-1α have certain value in the differential diagnosis of malignant and tuberculous pleural effusion. The joint detection HIF-1α and VEGF in serum and pleural effusion can improve specificity.

Objective To investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of apoptotic-related gene Fas／FasL and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）.
MethodsPeripheral blood samples were collected from 126 patients with pathologically confirmed HCC in our hospital from January 2013 to December 2016. With the Sequenom MassARRAY system using matrix-assisted laser desorption Ionization （MALDI） time-of-flight mass spectrometry （TOFMS）， genotyping of Fas polymorphic loci rs1571013， rs1800682 and rs1468063 and FasL polymorphic loci rs6700734 and rs763110 was carried out. The peripheral blood samples of 130 healthy subjects were used as control. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis was used to analyze the genetic balance of the above 5 SNPs loci. Comparison between HCC patients and healthy controls in terms of rs1571013， rs1800682， rs1468063， rs6700734 and rs763110 were made to calculate the odds ratio （OR） and its 95% confidence interval （95%CI） to evaluate the relationship between SNPs and susceptibility to HCC. Results The distribution of 126 HCC patients and 130 healthy subjects regarding Fas polymorphism of rs1571013， rs1800682 and rs1468063 and FasL polymorphism of rs6700734 and rs763110 were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was no significant difference in the distribution of rs1468063， rs6700734 and rs763110 genotypes between the HCC group and the control group （P＞0.05）， and had nothing to do with the susceptibility to HCC. As for the distribution of rs1571013， proportions of A／A genotype and A allele were higher in HCC group than those of the control group （P<0.05）. As compared to G／G genotype， A／A genotype increased the risk of HCC to 2.492 fold （P<0.05）， and the risk of HCC of A／G and A／G+AA did not change （P＞0.05）. Taking the G allele as the reference，risk of HCC for A increased to 1.549 folds （P<0.05）. As for the distribution of rs1800682，proportions of G／G genotype and G allele were higher in HCC group than those of the control group （P<0.05）. As compared to A／A genotype， G／G genotype increased the risk of HCC to 2.880 fold （P<0.05） and the risk of HCC of A／G and A／G+G／G did not change （P＞0.05）. Taking the A allele as the reference， risk of HCC for G increased to1.651 folds （P<0.05）. Conclusion Fas rs1571013 and rs1800682 are associated with HCC susceptibility and the risk of HCC carrying mutant alleles was increased， presenting certain value in screening susceptible individuals of HCC.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor （pPNET） for better treatment and prognosis. Methods The medical records of 80 pPNET patients in Jinling Hospital from March 2001 to July 2015 were reviewed， including the clinical features， diagnosis， treatment and survival analysis after follow-up visits.
ResultsThere were 44 males and 36 females with the median age of 22.0 years. The primary tumor lesion could be bone or soft tissue with 8 cases of head and neck， 40 cases of limbs， 2 cases of vertebral bodies， 7 cases of vertebral canal， 2 cases of clavicle， 5 cases of chest wall， 4 cases of lung， 3 cases of mediastinum， 8 cases of abdominal and pelvic cavity and 1 case of perianal， appearing as a gradual increase in mass and accompanying ache and function restriction. Diagnosis depended mostly on pathology， especially immunohistochemical analysis， where CD99， FLI-1， Syn， Vimentin and S-100 were often positively expressed. There were no specific indexes on laboratory or imageology examinations. Complete excision， if possible， was the first treatment option， preferably in combination with chemo-and／or radio-therapy. The medium overall survival was 26.9 months with 1-， 2-， 3-and 5-year survival rates of 85.2%， 54.3%， 42.6% and 28.5%. Moreover， it was indicated by Cox regression analysis that patients with tumors greater than 10 cm in major axis and patients who received no complete excisions often had poor prognosis. Conclusion pPNET is an extremely malignant tumor that often happens to adolescents. Accurate diagnosis mostly depends on pathology. Surgery combined with chemo-and／or radio-therapy in time could prolong the survival time.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in advanced alpha fetoprotein （AFP）-positive gastric cancer. Methods Seven patients with advanced AFP-positive gastric cancer from September 2009 to January 2017 received apatinib were enrolled. All the patients were given apatinib alone or in combination with chemotherapy， and the dose of apatinib was 250-850 mg／d. The efficacy and safety were evaluated by RECIST criteria （version 1.1） and NCI CTC 4.0 criteria. Overall survival （OS） and progression-free survival （PFS） were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Results All patients were available for evaluation. Among the 7 patients， 1 case got partial respond and 3 cases had stable disease. The response rate was 14.3% and disease control rate was 57.1%. The median PFS was 4.0 months （95%CI： 0-9.1） and the median OS was 7.0 months （95%CI： 5.7-8.3）. Among the 7 patients， the APF level decreased in 5 cases. The common treatment-related side effects included hypertension， proteinuria， thrombocytopenia and neutropenia，mainly in grade 1-3. Except one patient discontinued apatinib treatment due to grade 3 hypertension，the side effects were controlled and tolerated well in the other patients. Conclusion Apatinib is effective and tolerable in advanced AFP-positive gastric cancer.

Objective To explore the prevention and treatment effect of thalidomide combined trolamine cream retention enema on acute radiation proctitis， and the influence on the living quality. Methods From January 2015 to March 2017， 69 patients were randomly divided into experimental group （n=35） and control group （n=34）. All the patients were given concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The total dose of radiation was 50 Gy／25 f／5 w. Capecitabine was administered orally at the beginning of radiotherapy （1250 mg／m2， twice a day， d1-d14， 21 days as a cycle for 2 cycles）. Patients in experimental group received thalidomide （with initial dose of 100 mg／d orally） and retention enema with triethanolamine cream （triethanolamine cream 15 g and 100 ml warm normal saline for retention enema once a day until the end of radiotherapy）. The occurrence of acute radiation proctitis， the tolerance of concurrent chemoradiotherapy and the changes of Karnofsky score， sleep status， diet status and weight status were observed. Results The incidence of acute radiation proctitis in experimental group was 77.1%（27／35）， lower than 100.0%（34／34）of control group， and the level of acute radiation proctitis in experimental group was also lower than control group （P<0.05）. The radiation doses of acute radiation proctitis occured for the first time in experimental group was （36.4±5.6） Gy， higher than （13.6±3.7） Gy of control group （P<0.05）. In experimental group， the improvement rates of Karnofsky score， sleep status， diet status and weight status were 71.4%（25／35）， 94.3%（33／35）， 62.9%（21／35） and 51.4%（18／35），better than 2.9%（1／34）， 0（0／34）， 2.9%（1／34）and 5.9%（2／34）of control group （P<0.05）. The rates of radiotherapy interruption and the total course of radiotherapy in experimental group were lower than those in control group， while the complete cycles of chemotherapy in experimental group was more than that in control group （P<0.05）. No patient withdrew treatment due to severe side effects. Two patients in experiment group suffered from somnolence， and improved by symptomatic treatment. Conclusion Thalidomide combined with retention enema of triethanolamine cream can prevent and treat acute radiation proctitis caused by radiotherapy after radical resection of rectal cancer， as well as improve the quality of life.

Objective To investigate the relationship between dynamic monitoring of circulating endothelial cell （CEC） count and chemotherapy efficacy in breast cancer patients. Methods Clinical data of 42 breast cancer patients from May 2013 to May 2015 were collected. The number of CEC in peripheral blood of patients was detected by flow cytometry. The relationship between CEC count and clinicopathological features of breast cancer and the chemotherapy efficacy was analyzed. Results The number of CEC in peripheral blood of 42 breast cancer patients was 339.26±184， and the CEC in 20 healthy volunteers was 85.95±60.47， the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. The number of CEC was associated with TNM staging， not associated with age，ER，PR and HER-2. After 2 cycles of chemotherapy， the response rate （RR） in CEC increasing group was 31.6%， and RR of CEC reducing group was 78.4%（P<0.05）. After 4 cycles of chemotherapy， the RR in CEC increasing group was 46.2%，lower than 87.0% of CEC reducing group， and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. Conclusion The dynamic changes of CEC in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy was associated with the RR of chemotherapy.

Objective To analyze the clinical and pathological features of prostate cancer patients with negative transrectal ultrasonography （TRUS） findings. Methods Seventy-three prostate cancer patients diagnosed by TRUS-guided transperineal biopsy were enrolled in this study from January 2015 to January 2017. All the patients were divided into negative TRUS group（n=31） and positive TRUS group（n=42） according to TRUS findings. The clinical and pathological features of the two groups were analyzed and compared. Results The serum prostatic spelific antigen（PSA） level of TRUS positive group was （71.27±9.71） ng／ml， higher than （41.62±6.43） ng／ml of TRUS negative group （P<0.05）. However， there were no significant differences in terms of age， Gleason score in primary and secondary areas， microvessel density， length of tumor tissue length （the most typical needle）， clinical staging， number of no obvious symptoms， number of vascular lymphangiosis， number of nerve invasion and number of infiltrating surrounding tissues between two groups （P＞0.05）. Conclusion If the patients with abnormal serum PSA level or （and） clinical symptoms but without suspicious TRUS findings， TRUS-guided prostate sysmatic biopsy is still necessary for them in order to avoid delaying the clinical treatment.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting （CINV） is one of the most common adverse events for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Severe nausea and vomiting can cause malnutrition and disturbance of water and electrolyte which may have a negative effect on patients’ quality of life and adherence to chemotherapy. 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor （5-HT3） antagonists are included in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines as first-line option in the preventive antiemetic therapy. Granisetron transdermal system is the first antiemetic 5-HT3 antagonist available in a transdermal formulation. A number of pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that granisetron transdermal system is not inferior to oral granisetron. Besides it can steadily control CINV for up to 7 days. In this paper，we reviewed the progress in researches from the aspects of pharmacokinetics and clinical application of granisetron transdermal system.

The β-elemene is an effective component of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Wenyujin（Curcuma）， which has significant anti-hepatoma effect. It can induce the apoptosis of hepatoma cells， inhibit the proliferation of hepatoma cells， interrupt the cell cycle of hepatoma cells， inhibit the invasion and metastasis of hepatoma cells， inhibit the angiogenesis and regulate immune function in hepatoma cells. β-Elemene Injection is approved by the state for two-category of anti-tumor drugs and the clinical treatments have been widely applied in hepatoma. This article reviews the mechanism and clinical progress of β-Elemene Injection in the treatment of primary liver cancer.

Benefiting from local treatment， a part of metastatic colorectal cancer （mCRC） patients regarded as incurable in traditional medicine， turn to be curable via multidisciplinary collaboration treatments. Full use of local treatments such as surgery， radiation therapy and radiofrequency ablation， makes it come true that mCRC patients can be cured to achieve no evidence of disease on the premise of effective systemic treatments. Local treatments for mCRC have attracted more and more attention and this review focuses on the current main local treatments for mCRC patients.