Objective To investigate the expression of miR-154 in tissues and sera from patients with astrocytomas and its clinical significance. Methods In this study，76 cases of cerebral astrocytoma and 36 cases of adjacent tissues from January 2011 to December 2015 were collected. Using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（QPCR），the expression of miR-154 in the above tissues was detected and the distribution of miR-154 in astrocytoma and adjacent tissues was compared. Meanwhile，miR-154 expression of serum samples were also detected in 49 cases of astrocytoma and 52 healthy subjects. The changes of serum level of miR-154 before and after surgery were measured in 29 patients. The relationship of miR-154 expression and common clinical pathological parameters of astrocytoma（age，gender，tumor grade and KPS score）was investigated. According to the follow-up data，the prognosis of different levels of miR-154 was compared. Results The miR-154 level in 76 cases of astrocytoma tissues was 0.254±0.170，lower than 1.087±0.073 in adjacent tissues，and the difference was statistically significan（P＜0.05）. The serum miR-154 level of 49 patients was 0.256±0.180，less than 1.065±0.350 of healthy serum samples，and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. The serum level of miR-154 was positively correlated with miR-154 in tissue（r=0.552，P=0.000）. The preoperative serum level of miR-154 was 0.243±0.173 in 29 patients，lower than 0.339±0.159 of postoperative level（P＜0.05）. In astrocytoma tissues，the expression of miR-154 had no relationship with gender，age and KPS score，but was related with tumor grade. The median overall survival（OS）of 76 patients was 15.7 months. The median OS of miR-154 high expression group was 16.6 months，higher than 11.3 months of low expression group，and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. Conclusion The decreased expression of miR-154 is observed in astrocytoma，and is related with tumor grade. Patients with high levels of miR-154 have better prognosis. miR-154 may be related to the occurrence and development of astrocytoma，providing a certain value in the evaluation of diagnosis and prognosis.

Objective To calculate the normal tissue complication probability（NTCP）and the tumor control probability（TCP）of intensity modulated radiotherapy（IMRT）plan for nasopharyngeal carcinoma（NPC）by using an equivalent uniform dose（EUD）. Methods As a high-level technical computing language with friendly interface and mathematical properties，Matlab was chosen to implement the EUD-based Lyman-Kutcher-Burman NTCP mathematical model and Schultheiss TCP logistic model. The normal tissue and target dose-volume histogram（DVH）of three patients with NPC were obtained from Elekta precise treatment planning system. The necessary parameters for the model were clearly defined. Results The computer code is presented and saved as a Matlab program. The EUD and NTCP values of four normal tissues from three NPC patients were generated and the TCP values were further gained. Conclusion The model has an excellent ability in fitting the normal structures tolerance values in this study. It is helpful for clinicians to select safer and more effective treatment plans. In future，the program will be modified and tested in radiotherapy for prostate and lung cancer.

Objective To predict the overall survival of castration resistant prostate cancer（CRPC）patients from Shanghai and the surrounding areas by Halabi nomogram. Methods A total of 228 patients with CRPC in Tumour Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from August 2006 to December 2013 were enrolled. The overall survival was predicted and calculated by Halabi nomogram. The validity of the model was assessed by discrimination and calibration. Results The median overall survival of the cohort was 20.8 months（4.48 months）followed-up with 150 death events. The predictive accuracy of Halabi nomogram was 0.61（95％CI:0.51-0.73）. Predicted median overall survival was 16.4 months（6.31months）. Calibration plot demonstrated that the 1- and 2-year survival rate was remarkably underestimated by the nomogram. Conclusion The present validation study does not confirm the predictive value of Halabi nomogram in a contemporary community series and further studies with a large sample size to validate or develop nomograms for predicting survival in CRPC are necessary.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect and safety of mediastinoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for early stage and superficial esophageal cancer. Methods A total of 21 patients diagnosed with early stage or superficial esophageal cancer from June 2014 to June 2016 were enrolled in this study. Laparoscopy was preceded by breaking the cervical esophagus from the left neck，and the mucosal surface of the cervical esophageal stump was turned inward and affixed to a pushstick. Then，we pushed down and separated the upper thoracic esophagus with mediastinoscopy，as well as mobilized stomach and separated the lower thoracic esophagus with laparoscopy from the diaphragmatic hiatus till the whole esophageal mobilization was completed. Then, we lifted the esophagus and stomach to the neck by pushstick and constructed the esophagogastroanastomosis. Results All patients were recovered and obtained successful results without perioperative death. Postoperative complications included anastomotic leakage in one case，rapid atrial fibrillation in four cases，respiratory infection in one case and hoarseness in one case. Conclusion Mediastinoscopic combined with laparoscopic esophagectomy can be performed safely，effectively for patients with early stage and superficial esophageal cancer.

Objective To investigate the factors influencing sentinel lymph node metastasis（SLNM）in primary breast cancer. Methods The clinical data of 264 female primary breast cancer patients in Shunyi Health Care Hospital for Women and Children from Jan 2008 to Dec 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The relationship between SLNM and clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results SLNM was found in 59 cases among 264 breast cancer patients. Tumor size，ER status and HER-2 status were significantly associated with SLNM in univariate analysis（P＜0.05）. Tumor size and HER-2 status were independent factors influencing SLNM in unconditional logistic regression analysis（P＜0.05）. Conclusion Tumor size and HER-2 status were independent factors influencing SLNM. Further study was needed to investigate the association between SLNM and other clinicopathological features.

It is generally accepted that the occurrence and development of cancer are closely related to tumor angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor（VEGF/VEGFR）signal pathway plays an important role in regulating and controlling angiogenesis，and is also the key target of many kinds of anti-angiogenesis drugs. Mesylate apatinib is a new and small molecular anti-angiogenesis drug，which can strongly against tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGFR-2 with highly selectivity. A series of clinical trials confirms that there were certain objective response and obvious survival benefit to advanced gastric cancer patients treated by apatinib, who failed in the standard chemotherapy，also with better safety. Currently， trials and clinical studies of apatinib alone or in combination with other drugs for lung cancer, hepatic cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer are carried on. This article reviewed fundamental experiments and clinical trials to provide reference for further using of apatinib in clinic.

In recent years，two types of immune checkpoint blockades（ICBs），anti programmed death 1（PD-1）and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 （CTLA-4）antibodies，have been approved by the US food and drug administration（FDA）for treatment of melanoma and nonsmall cell lung cancer. Studies found that ICBs were effective for most tumors，including small cell lung cancer， renal cell carcinoma，urethral carcinoma，head and neck squamous cell carcinoma，gastric cancer， hepatocellular carcinoma，ovarian cancer，triple-negative breast cancer and mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer，etc. These ICBs could effectively target the immune system，but often company with a certain degree of immune adverse events （irAEs） or dysimmune toxicities. How to manage these toxicities and side effects is yet uncertain. In this review，we summarized the international and domestic management experiences of dysimmune toxicities of ICBs，in order to provide references to oncologist during the management of tumor patients.

Anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2（HER-2）therapies improved the prognosis of patients with HER-2 positive breast cancer. Trastuzumab，pertuzuma，lapatinib and T-DM1 are the major choices for these patients at present. Cardiotoxicity is one of the side effects of anti-HER-2 drugs and it puts patients at a risky position，which contains various manifestations and can be prevented and cured. Having knowledge of its symptoms，probabilities as well as its preventions and treatment helps to the process of anti-HER-2 treatment.

Oxaliplatin has been approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC）in China. FOLFOX4 regimen based on oxaliplatin has become one of the standard treatments for advanced HCC，which can significantly prolong the survival of patients with HCC，and also show good safety and tolerance. However，the clinical efficacy of oxaliplatin on HCC is very limited. The treatment failure is closely related to the resistance of HCC. This article reviews the progress about current researches on the resistance mechanism of oxaliplatin in the treatment of HCC，arming to help clinical and scientific researchers to understand the latest development，and to broaden their thinking in future work.

There are still many unanswered questions about tumor metastasis through decades of study，one of the most concerned questions is the mechanism of primary tumor metastasis. Conventional concept suggests that metastasis was seeded by single circulating tumor cells from primary tumors，and this concept was generally adopted up to date. But with the improvement of study techniques and equipment，current research demonstrates that seeding requires the collective action of tumor cells traveling together in clusters. Curculating tumor cell clusters serve as a performance of tumor invasion，and strongly associate with tumor metastatic seed and become a study hotspot. This article mainly reviews the molecular biological features of curculating tumor cell clusters and the influence on the metastatic seed.