Chinese Clinical Oncology

Effect of miR-92a targeting PTEN／Akt signaling pathway on proliferation and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

ZHAO Liang，WU Tangbing，XIA Chunjun，GU Wenlong，XIAO Yanhua

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 673.

Abstract ( 355 )

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Objective To investigate the regulation of microRNA-92a（miR-92a）on the proliferation and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HONE1 by targeting PTEN／Akt signaling pathway. Methods The miR-92a inhibitor（miR-92a group）and the negative control（NC group）were transfected into HONE1 cells by Lipofectamine liposome，and the HONE1 cells without transfection were used as control group. QPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-92a in different cell groups after transfection. The cell proliferation rate and apoptotic rate were detected by MTT method and flow cytometry，respectively. The expressions of PTEN and p-Akt in PTEN／Akt signaling pathway were measured by Western blotting. Results 48 h after transfection，the expression of miR-92a in miR-92a group was significantly lower than that in control group and NC group（P＜0.05），while the difference between control group and NC group were not statistically significant（P＞0.05）. The proliferation rates of miR-92a group after transfection of 24，48，72 and 96 h were（84.51±2.74）％,（77.21±3.55）％,（62.07±3.57）％ and （49.25±4.15）％，the data of 72 h and 96 h were lower than control group and NC group（P＜0.05）. The apoptotic rate of miR92a group at 48 h after transfection was（46.12±1.79）％，higher than（6.99±0.72）％ of control group and（8.42±0.81）％ of NC group，and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. The expression levels of PTEN and p-Akt were 0.61±0.12 and 0.37±0.09 in miR-92a group，0.41±0.11 and 0.73±0.14 in control group, and 0.39±0.08 and 0.68±0.07 in NC group at 48 h after transfection. Compared with control group and NC group，elevated level of PTEN expression and decreased level of p-Akt expression were observed in miR-92a group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion Inhibiting the expression of miR-92a can inhibit the proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and promote its apoptosis，which may be achieved by negative regulation of PTEN／Akt signaling pathway.

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Effects of miR-375 on invasion，migration and JAK2／STAT3 signaling pathway of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

HU Bing，WANG Hongmei，CHU Jianshe

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 678.

Abstract ( 312 )

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Objective To explore the role of microRNA-375（miR-375）on the invasion and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and its targeting regulation of Janus activated kinase 2／signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（JAK2／STAT3）signaling pathway. Methods Nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells were cultured and transfected with mi-375 mimics（miR-375 group）and miR-375 negative control（NC group）via Lipofectamine 2000 liposomes. CNE-1 cells without transfection were used as control group. The expression of miR-375 in each group at 48 h after transfection was detected by real-time quantitative PCR（QPCR）. The migration and invasion ability of the cells were detected by scratch test and Transwell test，respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the changes of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins in JAK2／STAT3 signaling pathway.
Results The results of QPCR showed that the expression of miR-375 in miR-375 group was 10.74±1.21，higher than 1.09±0.14 of NC group and 1.12±0.17 of control group（P＜0.05）. The migration rate of miR-375 group was（18.22±1.78）％，lower than（43.67±2.60）％ of control group and（49.70±1.31）％ of NC group（P＜0.05）. The number of transmembrane cells in miR375 group was 45.76±4.34，also lower than 144.98±3.65 of control group and 126.23±6.32 of NC group，and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. The expression of JAK2 and STAT3 protein were 0.31±0.06 and 0.27±0.05 in miR-375 group，0.54±0.05 and 0.41±0.06 in control group, and 0.50±0.06 and 0.43±0.07 in NC group. The expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in miR-375 group were lower than those in the other two groups（P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference between NC group and control group（P＞0.05）. Conclusion Up-regulation of miR-375 expression can inhibit the invasion and migration of CNE-1 cells. It may be related to the inhibition of JAK2／STAT3 signaling pathway.

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Study of metabotropic Glutamate receptor 5 silence on biological behaviors of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells and possible mechanism

CHU Guangmin，ZHANG Jianbo，SUN Miaomiao

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 683.

Abstract ( 292 )

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Objective To explore the effect of small interfering RNA（siRNA）targeting metabotropic Glutamate receptor 5（mGluR5）on the biological behaviors of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells as well as possible mechanism. Methods siRNA designed for specific targeting mGluR5 were transfected into SKOV3 cells as transfection group. Meanwhile，antisense sequence was used as negative control（NC）. 48h after transfection， QPCR was used to confirm the interfering efficacy to ensure that siRNA can be used for following experiments. CCK-8 assay，EdU cell immunofluorescence staining assay，Hoechst 33342 staining assay，wound healing assay were used to detect the cytoactive，proliferation，apoptosis and migration of SKOV3 cells after transfection. The related protein of PTEN／Akt signaling pathway was evaluated by Western blotting. Results The level of mGluR5 mRNA in transfection group was（18.3±2.3）％, significantly decreased compared with NC（P＜0.05）. 72h after transfection，the absorbance of transfection group was 2.4±0.3，lower than 4.1±0.2 of NC（P＜0.05）. 48h after transfection， the proliferative rate of SKOV3 cells was （9.2±1.2）％ in transfection group，lower than（22.4±2.3）％ of NC（P＜0.05）；the cell apoptotic rate of transfection group was（28.2±2.2）％， higher than（6.2±1.3）％ of NC（P＜0.05）. In wound healing assay，relative wound closure rates of NC and transfection group were（100.0±2.1）％ and （48.6±4.3）％（P＜0.05）. Western blotting showed that p-Akt expression decreased，and PTEN expression increased after transfecion（P＜0.05），but the expression of Akt did not change obviously（P＞0.05）. Conclusion Silencing the expression of mGluR5 can inhibit the proliferation，migration and enhance apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. PTEN／Akt signaling pathway may be involved in this process.

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Expressions of ANXA4 and ANXA6 in hilarcholangiocarcinoma and their clinical significance

LI Chaofu，YU Wenlong，YU Guanzhen，GAO Yong

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 688.

Abstract ( 318 )

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Objective To explore the expressions of Annexin A4（ANXA4）and Annexin A6（ANXA6）protein in hilarcholangiocarcinoma（HC）and to determine their relationships with clinical parameters and prognosis. Methods The expressions of ANXA4 and ANXA6 were detected by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry in 49 HC tissues and 10 tumor adjacent tissues from 2005 to 2007.The relationships between the expressions of ANXA4 and ANXA6 and clinical parameters were analyzed，as well as prognosis. Results The positive rates of ANXA4 and ANXA6 in HC tissues（63.3％，69.4％）were significantly higher than those（20.0％，30.0％）in tumor adjacent tissues（P＜0.05）. The expression of ANXA4 was closely associated with lymph node metastasis（P＜0.05）. The expression of ANXA6 was closely associated with tumor size，lymph node metastasis and TNM stage（P＜0.05）. The median overall survival（OS）and progression-free survival（PFS）of patients with ANXA4 positive expression was 14 months and 12 months，shorter than 46 months and 39 months of patients with ANXA4 negative expression（P＜0. 05）. The median OS and PFS of patients with ANXA6 positive expression was 14 months and 12 months，shorter than 42 months and 39 months of patients with ANXA6 negative expression（P＜0.05）. Multivariate analysis revealed that ANXA6 and invasion depth were independent prognostic factors influencing OS，and invasion depth was also an independent factor influencing PFS. Conclusion ANXA4 and ANXA6 are associated with occurrence and development of HC，and ANXA6 may be a new tumor marker for predicting prognosis of HC.

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Expression and clinical significance of MKP-4 in hepatocellular carcinoma

LIU Jinxia，QU Lishuai，XIAO Mingbin，JIANG Feng，LU Cuihua，NI Runzhou

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 693.

Abstract ( 340 )

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Objective To investigate the expression of MKP-4 in hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC）and its clinical significance. Methods From January 2005 to December 2010，100 cases of HCC resection and corresponding paracancerous tissues were collected in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. Immunohistochemistry（SP method） was used to detect MKP-4 expression in above tissues. Correlations between MKP-4 expression and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis were analyzed. Another 8 cases of fresh HCC and paracancerous tissues were collected，and the expression of MKP-4 was detected by Western blotting methods. Results The expression level of MKP-4 protein in 8 cases of fresh HCC tissues was 0.611± 0.136，which was significantly lower than 0.931±0.107 of paracancerous tissues（P＜0.05）. The high expression rate of MKP-4 in HCC tissues was 20％，lower than 34％ of paracancerous tissues，and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. The expression of MKP-4 was correlated with histological grade（P=0.047），vein invasion（P=0.026）and TNM stage（P=0.036）. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the median overall survival of MKP-4 low expression group was 52 months, and that of high expression group was unachieved, which was longer than MKP-4 low expression group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion MKP-4 exerts as a tumor suppressor gene in the development and progression of HCC，which suggests that MKP-4 may play as a potential therapeutic target and an efficient prognosis biomarker for HCC.

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Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cystic neoplasms：a report of 222 cases

QIAN Xuetian，YU Yuanyuan，LIU Xinghui，SHI Mengyue，NIE Shuang，PENG Chunyan，KONG Bo，WANG Lei，ZOU Xiaoping，LV Ying，SHEN Shanshan

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 698.

Abstract ( 287 )

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Objective To summarize the diagnosis，treatment and prognosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms（PCN）in our center as to provide some useful information for the diagnosis and treatment of PCN. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with PCN in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2005 to October 2016 was conducted. Clinical characteristics，EUS features，treatment and prognosis of each type of PCN were evaluated. Results In this study，222 PCN patients were collected including 94 patients of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm（IPMN），58 patients of mucinous cystic neoplasm（MCN），43 patients of serous cystic neoplasm（SCN）and 27 patients of solid pseudopaillary neoplasm（SPN）. Among PCN patients，the male／female ratio was 1∶1.55 and the mean age was 56.0±15.7 years. Moreover，142（64.0％，142／222）PCN patients had symptoms or signs，of which the most common symptom was abdominal pain（47.3％，105／222）. The postoperative pathological results of 7 IPMN patients（16.3％，7／43）and 5 MCN patients（9.1％，5／55）were malignant（invasive carcinoma or highgrade dysplasia），while those of SCN or MCN patients were all benign（P=0.027）. For those patients under surveillance，there were 4 IPMN patients（8.3％，4／48）and 2 SPN patients（66.7％，2／3）progressing into cancer. The 5-year overall survival rate of 188 PCN patients with complete follow-up data was 86.0％. After surgery the 5-year overall survival rates of 124 PCN patients was 90.0%. The 5-year overall survival rates of SCN，MCN and SPN patients were 100.0％，92.1％ and 93.8％，respectively，while that of IPMN was only 74.0％（P=0.003）. Conclusion PCN are found mostly in middle-aged females and most of the patients have symptoms or signs，of which abdominal pain is the most common symptom. IPMN，MCN and SPN have risks of progressing into malignancy. Thus，patients of IPMNs，MCNs or SPNs should receive surgery when it is appropriate；However，SCN patients should be put under surveillance. The prognosis of PCN after surgery varies a lot，among which IPMN shows the worst prognosis while other types of PCN all show comparatively good results.

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Expression profiles of ADAMs and clinical significance of ADAM-28 in colorectal carcinoma

WANG Jinmeng，ZHU Li，WANG Jingying，LI Wenfeng，XU Yunsheng

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 703.

Abstract ( 223 )

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bjective To investigate the expression profiles of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases（ADAMs）family menbers ADAM-8，ADAM-9，ADAM-10，ADAM-12，ADAM-15，ADAM-17， ADAM-19，ADAM-28，ADAM-33 in colorectal carcinoma and to determine the clinical significance of ADAM-28 in colorectal carcinoma. Methods QPCR was used to detect the relative levels of ADAMs mRNA in colorectal carcinoma and matched non-cancerous tissues，and Western blotting was used to detected ADAM-28 protein expression. Immunohistochemistry was taken to analyze the expression of ADAM-28 in 218 colorectal carcinoma samples and its correlation with clinicopathological variables was then analyzed. Results The mRNAs expression of ADAM-8, ADAM-9, ADAM-17, ADAM-28 and ADAM-33 were up-regulated in colorectal carcinoma, ADAM-12 mRNA was down-regulated, and while the mRNAs of ADAM-10, ADAM-15 and ADAM-19 had no obvious changes. ADAM-28 protein was up-regulated in colorectal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed that the positive rate of ADAM-28 in colorectal carcinoma tissues was 68.8%（150/218）. The expression of ADAM-28 significantly correlated with regional lymph node metastasis, differentiation and TNM stage（P＜0.05）. Survival analysis revealed that patients with positive ADAM-28 expression had a shorter median overall survival than those of ADAM-28 negative expression（36.75 months vs.95.10 months, P＜0.001）. Cox multi-factors analysis showed that ADAM-28 was an independent factor influencing overall survival（P＜0.05）. Conclusion ADAM-28 contributes to the occurrence and development of colorectal carcinoma；ADAM-28 may be served as a potential biomarker in predicting patients' outcome.

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Expression and clinical significance of brain derived neurotrophic factor in retinoblastoma

GAO Yu，WANG Guokun，HU Jiali，ZHOU Zhe，JING Ming

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 708.

Abstract ( 210 )

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Objective To investigate the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF）in retinoblastoma（Rb）tissues and its clinical significance. Methods The pathological-diagnosed Rb tissues（n=37）with complete clinical data were obtained from April 2008 to August 2015. Normal retinal tissues（n=12）were collected as control from traumatic removed eyes. QPCR and immunohistochemistry were applied to detect the expression of BDNF in the above tissues. The relationship between the expression of BDNF and clinicopathological parameters of Rb（age，sex，lateral aspect，clinical stage，pathological differentiation and optic nerve invasion）was analyzed. Results BDNF was highly expressed in 89.2％（33／37） Rb tissues，and mRNA level was significantly higher than that of normal retina（P＜0.01）. The percentage of BDNF positive cells in Rb tissues was（36.78±14.13）％，higher than that in normal retinal tissues（5.35±1.92）％，and the difference was statistically significant （P＜0.01）. The expression of BDNF in Rb tissues was independent of age，sex，lateral aspect and optic nerve infiltration，but was related to clinical stage and histological differentiation. The proportion of BDNF positive cells was significantly higher in stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ／Ⅴ tissues compared with that in stageⅠ／Ⅱ tissues（P＜0.01），and significantly higher in undifferentiated Rb tissues than in differentiated tissues（P＜0.01）. Conclusion The expression of BDNF is elevated in Rb tissues，and is correlated with clinical stage and pathological differentiation of Rb，which may be used to judge the malignant degree of Rb.

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Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of perineural invasion in early-stage cervical cancer

LONG Ying，YAO Desheng，WEI Yousheng

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 712.

Abstract ( 288 )

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Objective To evaluate the relationship between perineural invasion（PNI）and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the prognosis of early-stage cervical cancer. Methods A total of 300 patients with cervical cancer（stagesⅠA2-ⅡB）who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy from Jan 2010 to Jun 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The relationship of PNI and clinicopathological characteristics， as well as factors influencing prognosis were analyzed. Results Among the 300 patients，the positive rate of PNI was 15.0％（45／300）. PNI had a significant association with depth of invasion，lymphoma vascular space invasion（LVSI），lymph nodes metastases and parametrical invasion（P＜0.05），but not with FIGO stage，pathological type，histological differentiation，tumor size and vaginal margin（P＞0.05）. During the follow-up period，the recurrence rate of PNI positive group was higher than that of negative group（P＜0.001）；the mortality had no statistical differences between the two groups（P＞0.05）. Kaplan-Meier method showed that patients with PNI had shorter 5-year disease-free survival rate and 5-year overall survival rate（66.7%, 84.4%）compared with patients without PNI（90.1%, 93.7%）, and the differences had statistic significance（P=0.015，P=0.020）. Cox regression analysis indicated that independent risk factors for disease-free survival rate and overall survival rate included lymph nodes metastases，parametrical invasion and vaginal margin （P＜0.05）. Depth of invasion only had impact on overall survival rate（P=0.037）. However，PNI was not identified as an independent risk factor for overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate. Conclusion The incidence of PNI in cervical cancer is closely related with depth of invasion，LVSI，lymph nodes metastases and parametrical invasion. The relationship of PNI and prognosis needs further study.

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Expression and clinical significance of long chain non-coding RNA ZFAS1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ZHENG Zhuo， ZHANG Yu

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 718.

Abstract ( 216 )

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Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of long chain non-coding RNA ZFAS1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods A total of 94 specimens of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and paired noncancerous tissues were collected from January 2014 to December 2016. The expression of ZFAS1 in cancer tissues and noncancerous tissues was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（QPCR）. The relationship between the expression of ZFAS1 and the clinicopathological features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma（age，T staging，N staging，TNM staging，skull base invasion，cranial nerve palsy and EB virus VCA-IgA level） was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve（ROC）was used to evaluate the effectiveness of tissue ZFAS1 levels in the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Results The expression level of ZFAS1 in 94 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinomas was 5.388±0.446 with the median and four percentile interval of 3.933（2.107，7.339），in noncanerous tissues was 1.091±0.045 with the median and four percentile interval of 1.092（0.799，1.297）. The ZFAS1 level was higher in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues than in noncanerous tissues，and the difference was statistically significant（P＜0.05）. The expression of ZFAS1 was related to T staging，TNM staging，EB virus VCA-IgA level and skull base invasion（P＜0.05）in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. It was not related to cranial nerve palsy and age（P＞0.05）. The area under the curve of ZFAS1 in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was 0.924（95％CI：0.882-0.965），and the optimal cut-off value was 3.472，and the sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off value were 83.4％ and 77.0％，respectively. Conclusion ZFAS1 is highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is related to clinical staging，invasion of skull base and EB virus infection. It has good value in the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and can be used for the diagnosis and evaluation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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Identification and excision of sentinel lymph nodes in endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy of vulvar cancer

WU Qiang，GAO Yunong，ZHAO Shaojie，LENG Wenshu，ZHENG Hong， XIANG Dajun

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 722.

Abstract ( 233 )

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Objective To identify and excise sentinel lymph nodes in endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy of vulvar cancer，and look for pathway of lymphatic transferation of vulvar cancer. Methods Three patients bearing vulvar squamous-cell cancer were enrolled in this study. Methylthioninium chloride injection was subcutaneously and intracutaneously injected at upper outer side of tumors before endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy. During the process of lymphadenectomy，blue stained lymph nodes and lymph-vessels were found and their locations were confirmed. Results All blue stained sentinel lymph nodes and lymph-vessels were identified and excised，and the sentinel lymph nodes were those located near tuberculum pubicum at upper inner side of superficial epigastric vein. Conclusion Identification and excision of sentinel lymph node is easy under endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy of vulvar cancer. Lymph nodes near tuberculum pubicum are significant sentinel lymph nodes of vulvar cancer.

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Clinical observation of vinorelbine combined with nedaplatin in the treatment of advanced oral and maxillofacial tumors

ZHANG Qijia，XU Hanfeng

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 725.

Abstract ( 224 )

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Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of vinorelbine combined with nedaplatin for patients with cisplatinresistant advanced oral and maxillofacial cancer. Methods From Aug 2012 to Jul 2015, 42 advanced oral and maxillofacial cancer patients failed to the firstline cisplatinbased chemotherapy were treated with vinorelbine plus nedaplatin regimen. The regimen was taken as follow：vinorelbine 25 mg／m2 iv，d1，d 8；nedaplatin 80 mg／m2 iv，d1，d2，21 days as 1 cycle. The efficacy and adverse effects were respectively evaluated by RECIST guideline（version 1.1）and NCI CTC 4.0 criteria. Results All patients were available for evaluation，the overall response rate was 45.2％，the disease control rate was 73.8％，the median overall survival was 13 months（95％CI：10.91-15.09 months），and the median progress free survival was 7 months（95％CI：6.06-7.94 months）. The common adverse effects were myelosuppression and nausea/vomitting, maily in grade 1-2. Conclusion Combination of vinorelbine and nedaplatin for patients with cisplatin-resistant advanced oral and maxillofacial cancer is effective and well-tolerated，and is deserved further clinical research.

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Clinical observation of right upper lobectomy with single utility port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

DUAN Chao，CUI Jinmin，ZHOU Chuanjiang，MA Chuansheng

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 729.

Abstract ( 214 )

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Objective To investigate the feasibility of right upper lobectomy with single utility port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery（VATS）for lung cancer. Methods The clinical data of 25 patients who underwent right upper lobectomy with single utility port VATS from December 2015 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The operation time，blood loss，extubation time and hospitalization days were observed. Results The procedure was successfully performed in all patients and no patient transferred for open thoracotomy. The mean time of operation was（90±10.6）min，and the mean blood loss was（60±5）ml. The mean extubation time was（5±0.5）d，and the mean hospitalization days was（9.7±0.5）d. Four patients were suffered from postoperative atelectasis with lung infections. Conclusion The right upper lobectomy with single utility port VATS for lung cancer of right upper lobe is simple，safe and reliable，but it requires good differentiation of lung and surgical skill，and worthy of wide application

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Efficacy and safety of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal tumors

DONG Huaisheng，GU Guojie，ZHAO Haibin

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 732.

Abstract ( 201 )

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal tumor. Methods From January 2013 to January 2015，36 patients with renal tumors were enrolled. The patients were divided into observation group（n=18）and control group（n=18）based on operative approaches. In observation group，18 cases received retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy，and control group received open partial nephrectomy. The effect of operation，complications and recurrence of tumors were compared between the two groups. Results All patients were conducted successfully. The operating time of obervation group and control group was（108.7±42.7）min and（133.5±53.3）min（P=0.135）. The amount of bleeding in observation group and control group was（122.8±37.4）ml and（231.7±58.2）ml，the warm ischemia time was（29.3±2.7）min and（15.4±3.2）min，postoperative hospitalization time was（8.7±1.3）d and（14.4±2.0）d, and postoperative food-taking time was（44.3±18.2）h and（73.8±15.1）h. The differences between the two groups had statistically significance（P＜0.001）. Four cases of complications were found in each group during perioperative period. No recurrence was found during 18 months followup period in the two groups. Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy can achieve the same effect as the conventional open surgery， and the patients recover quicker after operation.

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Immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors：a review

WANG Yakun，ZHANG Xiaotian

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 735.

Abstract ( 333 )

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors（CPIs）have obtained approval for the treatment of many kinds of malignant tumors，including melanoma，non-small cell lung cancer，et al. Recently，Keytruda（pembrolizumab）is indicated for the treatment of solid tumors that have been identified as microsatellite instability-high（MSI-H）tumors. Besides，these immune targeted agents also generate immune-related adverse events（irAEs），involving almost all organs，and differs much from side effects of conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Although severe irAEs are rare，they can become life-threatening if not anticipated and managed appropriately，and management of irAEs are lack of sufficient evidence. We will review features，biomarkers and management of irAEs to provide referrence for clinical care of patients under CPIs.

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Progression and strategies of drug resistance mechanism in breast cancer

ZHANG Wenjun，ZHENG Xiaoliang，WANG Xiaoju

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 742.

Abstract ( 274 )

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Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The diversity of its classification is closely related to clinical treatment. In recent years， with the rapid development of molecular biology， great progress has achieved in breast cancer treatment，but drug resistance is still the most common problem in first-line clinical treatment. In this paper，we study on the different types of breast cancer and their characteristics，as well as discussing different treatment options and drug resistance mechanism.We hope that we can provide guidance for clinical treatment of breast cancer.

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Progression of immune checkpoint in breast cancer

JING Jing，ZHANG Minghui，ZHANG Qingyuan

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 748.

Abstract ( 339 )

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Immune checkpoint plays an important role in maintaining self-tolerance and preventing immune system from attacking normal tissues. Tumor cells take advantage of these mechanisms to evade immune recognition. At present，the most important immune checkpoints are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4（CTLA4），programmed death-1（PD-1）and programmed death ligand-1（PD-L1）. PD-L1 binds PD-1 to reduce the cellular immune response by inducing T-cell apoptosis or exhaustion. Immune checkpoint blockade improves the survival of patients with cancer. Despite the limited understanding，checkpoint blockade as a novel therapeutic approach may change the treatment paradigm of breast cancer in the future. In this paper，recent advances of immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer are reviewed.

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The progress of laparoscopic surgery in cervical cancer

LIU Liwen，YANG Zhijun

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 752.

Abstract ( 189 )

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Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignant tumor，and the incidence of it accourts for the first place in female reproductive system malignancies. With the improvement of laparoscopic devices and the mature of surgical skills，laparoscopic surgery is widely used in cervical cancer treatment. It welcomed by the patients because of its less intraoperative bleeding，rapid postoperative recovery and good appearence. Meanwhile, intraoperative complications of patients are reduced. Compared with laparotomy，laparoscopic surgery achieves a better outcome. This article summarizes different laparoscopic methods for cervical cancer，and their advantages and disadvantages as well.

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Progress of preoperative short-course radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer

YAO Bo，XIA Chaoli，WANG Yadi

Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2017, 22 (8): 757.

Abstract ( 220 )

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Preoperative radiotherapy increased local control rates of locally advanced rectal cancer. Short-course radiotherapy（25 Gy/5 f）or conventionally fractionated chemoradiotherapy（long-course radiation）are the most frequent therapies. Long-course radiation with concurrent chemotherapy presents higher tumor response rate. But the benefits of short-course schedule are the lower rate of toxicity and better compliance for patients. There are no differences in local control rate between the two schedules and superior to surgery alone. But overall survival rate has not been improved. Short-course radiotherapy with delayed surgery of a 4-8 weeks interval increased tumor complete response rate compared with short-course radiotherapy with immediate surgery of within 7-day. More recently，short-course radiotherapy combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and delayed surgery has been proposed as a promising regimen，which further improves pathologic complete response rate and even showes a trend toward being superior to longcourse chemoradiotherapy, and the local control rate is not inferior to the long-course schedule. Longterm outcomes involved decreasing distant metastasis rate and increasing overall survival rate need further study.

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标准刊号：	ISSN 1009-0460
	CN 32-1577/R