Objective To investigate the influence of sodium phenyl butyrate (SPB) on the apoptosis, expressions of HBeAg and HBeAg and HBV-DNA content of HepG2.2.15 cells. Methods The MTT assay was used to determine the cell proliferation at 24, 48h with different concentrations（1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0μmol／L） of SPB. The flow cytometry（FCM）was employed to measure the cell cycle and cell apoptosis at 24， 48h with 2.0，4.0μmol/L SPB. The expressions of HBsAg and HBeAg and HBV-DNA content in supernatants at 72h with 8.0μmol/L SPB were measured by chemiluminescence detection and RT-PCR. Results Treatment with SPB could increase the proliferation inhibition rate at a time and dose dependent manner（P＜0.05）. The early and late apoptosis rates and the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase were higher，but the percentage of cells in S phase were lower in SPB group than control group（P＜0.05）. The apoptosis rate was higher at 48h than 24h under the same concentration of SPB（P＜0.05）.The expressions of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV-DNA levels were 40.22±1.57，69.46±1.75 and 9.34±0.54 after 72h treatment with 8.0μmol/L SPB，higher than 18.33±0.58，34.92±1.26 and 5.52±0.45（P＜0.05）in the control group. Conclusion SPB could induce differentiation and promote the apoptosis of HepG2.2.15 cells. SPB could stimulate HBV replication，so it may not be suitable to treat hepatocellular cancer patients with HBV infection.

Objective To investigate the influence of sodium phenyl butyrate (SPB) on the apoptosis, expressions of HBeAg and HBeAg and HBV-DNA content of HepG2.2.15 cells. Methods The MTT assay was used to determine the cell proliferation at 24, 48h with different concentrations（1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0μmol／L） of SPB. The flow cytometry（FCM）was employed to measure the cell cycle and cell apoptosis at 24， 48h with 2.0，4.0μmol/L SPB. The expressions of HBsAg and HBeAg and HBV-DNA content in supernatants at 72h with 8.0μmol/L SPB were measured by chemiluminescence detection and RT-PCR. Results Treatment with SPB could increase the proliferation inhibition rate at a time and dose dependent manner（P＜0.05）. The early and late apoptosis rates and the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase were higher，but the percentage of cells in S phase were lower in SPB group than control group（P＜0.05）. The apoptosis rate was higher at 48h than 24h under the same concentration of SPB（P＜0.05）.The expressions of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV-DNA levels were 40.22±1.57，69.46±1.75 and 9.34±0.54 after 72h treatment with 8.0μmol/L SPB，higher than 18.33±0.58，34.92±1.26 and 5.52±0.45（P＜0.05）in the control group. Conclusion SPB could induce differentiation and promote the apoptosis of HepG2.2.15 cells. SPB could stimulate HBV replication，so it may not be suitable to treat hepatocellular cancer patients with HBV infection.

Objective To investigate the expression of α-basic-crystallin（αB-crystallin） in basal-like breast cancer（BLBC），and analyze the association between its expression and the clinicopathological characteristics in BLBC. MethodsThe SP immunohistochemical technique was used to examine the expression of αB-crystallin in 108 cases of BLBC and 342 cases of non-basal-like breast cancer（NBLBC）. Results By statistical analysis， it showed that the positive rate of αB-crystallin was 56.5％ in BLBC， significantly higher than 7.9％ in NBLBC（P＜0.05）. The expression of αB-crystallin was found to be positively correlated with histological grading of tumor（r=0.313，P＜0.001）， but not with age， tumor size and lymph node metastasis（P＞0.05）. ConclusionαB-crystallin may play an important role in the progression of BLBC. Furthermore，it also may be a marker which can predict poor clinical outcome in BLBC.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of anexelekto（Axl） and its ligand growth arrest specific 6（Gas6）in breast cancer. Methods Axl and its ligand Gas6 expression were examined in 96 cases of breast cancer and paired adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. The association between Axl and Gas6 protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics in breast cancer was further analyzed. Results Axl expression in breast cancer tissue（62.5％, 60/96） was higher than that in adjacent normal breast tissue（17.7％, 17/96） with significance（P＜0.05）. Axl ligand Gas6 expression in breast cancer tissue（54.2％， 52/96） was higher than that in adjacent normal breast tissue（12.5％, 12/96） with significance（P＜0.05）. There was no relationship between Axl expression and age，tumor size，histological grade and c-erb-B2 expression, but it correlated with lymph node metastasis, ER and PR espression. Gas6 expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis, histological grade and ER expression, but not with age, tumor size, PR and c-erb-B2 expression. Axl expression was positively correlated with Gas6 expression in breast cancer（r=0.540，P＜0.001）. Conclusion Axl and Gas6 play an important role in the occurrence and invasion in breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the expressions of CD147 and MMP-9 in colorectal cancer，and the correlation of them with cliniopathological characteristics. Methods Expressions of CD147 and MMP-9 in 60 colorectal cancer and 50 adjacent normal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry，and the relationship of their expressions with clinical characteristics was further analyzed. Results The positive rates of the expressions of CD147 and MMP-9 in 60 cases of colorectal cancer tissues were 86.7％ and 85.0％，higher than 20.0％ and 15.0％ in adjacent normal tissues（P＜0.05）.CD147 and MMP-9 were not related to age, gender, tumor location, differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. CD147 was positively correlated with MMP-9（r=0.470，P＜0.001）. Conclusion MMP-9 and CD147 were over-expressed in colorectal cancer.The role of them in colorectal cancer needs further study.

Objective To investigate the expressions of c-Myc and cyclin E protein in endometrial carcinoma and their association with clinicopathologic features. Methods The specimens from 15 normal endometrial tissue，30 atypical endometrial hyperplasia and 58 endometrial carcinoma were collected. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expressions of c-Myc and cyclin E protein. ResultsThe postive rates of c-Myc protein in the normal endometrial，atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinomas tissues were 20.0％（3／15），73.3％（22／30）and 81.0％（47／58），respectively. The postive rates of cylin E protein in the normal endometrial，atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinomas tissues were 13.3％（2／15），56.7％（17／30）and 84.5％（49／58），respectively. The expression of c-Myc protein in endometrial carcinoma was associated with histologic grade，clinical stage，and the depth of myometrial tumor（P＜0.05）. There was no correlation between the expression of cyclin E protein and all of clinicopathologic characteristics. In the endometrial carcinoma， a positive relationship was found between the expressions of c-Myc and cyclin E protein. The differences between the expression of c-Myc and cyclin E protein in the low grade atypical endometrial hyperplasia and that of high grade atypical endometrial hyperplasia were statistically significant（P=0.021，P=0.002）. Conclusion c-Myc and cyclin E protein may cooperate in the occurrence and development of hormone dependent endometrial carcinoma. The abnormal expressions of c-Myc and cyclin E protein in the high grade atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma should be treated as one of screening indices of precancerous lesions.

Objective To investigate uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase（UGT） 1A1 gene polymorphism as the predictor of safety and efficacy of FOLFIRI regimen as secondline treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer（mCRC） patients. MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells form the mCRC patients were separated before FOLFIRI chemotherapy and the UGT1A1 genotypes were determined by the fluorescence quantitative PCRHRM method. The side effects and tumor response were evaluated using NCICTC 30 and RECIST 10 criterion, respectively. The correlation between UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms and side effects or objective response rate（ORR） was subsequently analyzed. Progression free survival（PFS） was recorded and survival analysis was carried out by KaplanMeier method for the impact of genotypes on PFS. Results The UGT1A1 genotypes in 38 consecutive patients were as follows：UGT1A1*28 homozygous wildtype TA6／6（31 cases， 81.6％）， heterozygous mutanttype TA6／7（2 cases， 5.3％）， homozygous mutant type TA7／7（5 cases， 13.2％）； UGT1A1*6 wild type G／G（28 cases， 737％）， heterozygous mutanttype G／A（8 cases， 21.1％）， homozygous mutant type A／A（2 cases， 5.3％）. For the incidence rate of grade 3 to 4 delayed diarrhea and neutropenia，the rates were significantly lower in patients of UGT1A1*28 TA6／6 widetype genotype than those of TA6／7 and TA7／7 mutanttype genotypes（P＜0.05）. The rate was significantly lower in patients of UGT1A1*6 G/G genotype than that of G／A and A／A mutanttype genotypes（P＜0.05）. No significant difference of either ORR or PFS was observed among different genotypes（P＞0.05）. Conclusion For FOLFIRI regimen as second-line chemotherapy in mCRC patients， the UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 locus mutations can be regarded as predictors for irinotecanassociated severe delayed diarrhea and neutropenia， whereas no association between UGT1A1 gene polymorphism and efficacy is observed.

Objective To investigate the effect of excision repair cross complementation group 1（ERCC1） expression on response to cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer（NPC） patients. MethodsIn a retrospective study, 205 patients with locally advanced NPC from January 2001 to January 2009 were divided into treatment sensitivity group and treatment resistant group. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess ERCC1 expression in NPC tissue. The relationships between ERCC1 expression and response rate（RR）， 5-year disease free survival rate and overall survival rate were analyzed. ResultsOf 205 NPC patients， ERCC1were highly expressed in 110 cases and lowly expressed in 95 cases. The RR in NPC patients with high ERCC1 expression（97.3％） and those with low ERCC1 expression（100.0％） had no statistical difference. The low expression and high expression rate of ERCC1 in the treatment sensitive group were 61.4％ and 386％，significantly different from 35.9％ and 64.1％ in the treatmentresistant group（P=0.000）. The median overall survival in patients with low ERCC1expression and high ERCC1expression were 61.3 and 49.7 months（P=0.013）. The 5-year disease free survival rate were 61.5％ and 36.2％（P=0.054）and the 5-year overall survival rate were 63.4％ and 38.5％，respectively（P=0.037）. Multivariate analysis showes the ERCC1 expression，stage and PS status were independent predictors for overall survival. ConclusionERCC1 expression might be a useful predictive marker of clinical effect in patients with locally advanced NPC receiving cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotheapy.

Objective To observe the short-term clinical efficacy and toxicity of docetaxel（DOC） and cisplatinum plus 5-fluorouracil（DF） regiman in concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma（NPC）. Methods Sixty-six patients with NPC were divided into DOC group and DF group with 33 patients in each group. Patients in DOC group were given DOC 25mg／m2 iv， once a week for 7 weeks. Thirty-three patients in DF group were given cisplatin（25 mg／m2 iv d1-d3） and 5-fluorouracil（550 mg／m2 civ，d1-d5）. Every 3 weeks was a cycle with a total of 2 cycles. Radiotherapy was given in the two groups. Radiation therapy was applied with 6MV X-ray and 9MeV electronic wire（double neck distinction） from external exposure，and nasopharyngeal target dose was 68-72Gy／6.8-7.2weeks. Results The efficacy could be evaluated in all patients. In DOC group，20 cases were of CR， 10 of PR， 3 of SD， and response rate（RR）was 90.9％； in DF group，21 cases were in CR， 10 i n PR， 2 in SD， and RR was 93.9％. The differences of RR in the two groups had no significance（P＞0.05）. The main toxicities were neutropenia， oral mucositis， dermatitis and digestive reation. The occurrence rates of neutropenia and oral mucositis in DF group were higher than those in DOC group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion DOC in concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced NPC was with good efficacy and less toxicities，which can be used as a new option for advanced NPC.

Objective To evaluate the disease progression and posttreatment survival of autologus dendritic cells （ADC） vaccine on patients with estrogen receptor／progestin receptor doublenegative stage Ⅱ／ⅢA breast cancer. MethodsADC vaccines were generated from CD14+precursors pulsed with autologous tumor lysates. ADCs were matured with defined factors. Sixty-three patients were divided into the experimental group and control group. The experimental group was immunized intradermally four times. The levels of IFN-γ+／CD8+T cells in experimental group before and after vaccination were detected. Type Ⅳ allergic reaction against the tumor lysate of both groups was measured. Disease progression rates were analyzed. ResultsThe level of IFN-γ+／CD8+T cells increased after vaccination，higher than that before vaccination（23.4±4.1％ vs. 14.3±2.0％，P＜0.05）.Eighteen patients in experimental group had positive type Ⅳ allergic reactions， while all patients in control group were negative （P＜0.05）. The 3-year progression free rate of experimental group was higher than that of control group （76.9％ vs. 31.0％， P＜0.05）. There were no unanticipated or serious adverse effects. Conclusion ADC vaccine might treat breast cancer by triggering immune responses of patients.

Objective To explore clinical outcomes of intensity-modulated radiotherapy（IMRT）for hypopharyngeal carcinoma without distant metastasis，and the hypopharyngeal function after radiotherapy. Methods Thirty-five cases were retrospectively reviewed from April 2007 to October 2012. All patients received radical IMRT with or without chemotherapy. The prescribed dose for gross tumor volume（GTV）and GTV2 was 66-70Gy. Results All patients were followed up. The median follow-up time was 16 months（range 5-59 months）. Locoregional recurrence occurred in 9 cases， and distant metastasis was observed in 3 cases. The rates of 2-year locoregional control，2-year disease free survival and 2-year overall survival were 71.9％，66.1％ and 55.6％， respectively. Seven of 13 patients died of locoregional recurrence， 3 of distant metastasis. The 2-year functional laryngeal rate was 91.7％. Conclusion IMRT can improve the locoregional tumor control rate and retain the hypopharyngeal functions for patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma. However，locoregional recurrence is the main reason for treatment failure.

Objective The study was to determine the effect of set-up errors on dosimetric evaluation of synchronous boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy（SIB-IMRT） in pancreatic cancer according to simulated systematic set-up errors by moving the isocentre. Methods SIB-IMRT plan were generated in 9 patients with pancreatic cancer. The effects of set-up errors of 3 and 5 mm were simulated in the treatment planning system by moving the isocentre and then recalculated the dose distribution without changing the field fluence distributions. Dose distribution of target volume and organs at risk were compared before and after the shift of isocentre. ResultsCompared with non-mobile group， a significant effect of set-up errors in all 6 directions were obtained for Dmean， Dminand V95of planning target volume of clinical target volume（PTV-C）， particularly more than 5mm（P＜0.05）. No significant change was obtained for Dmaxand V105（P＞0.05）. A significantly effect of set-up errors in the direction of caudal， cranial， superior were obtained for Dmeanof planning target volume of gross target volume（PTV-G）. Others has little effect（P＞0.05）. For clinical target volume（CTV） and gross target volume（GTV）， others’ set-up errors have little effect except for the directions of superior and caudal（P＞0.05）. For spinal cord Dmax， the greatest influence was from the posterior set-up errors（P＜005）.Except for the cranial set-up errors， bilateral renal dose distributions changed significantly（P＜0.05）. A significant effect of set-up errors in the direction of cranial，caudal and right were obtained for liver（P＜0.05）.
Conclusion For SIB-IMRT in pancreatic cancer， there was a little effect of set-up errors on dose distribution of target volume， but greater effect on organs at risk such as spinal cord，bilateral kidney and liver，This mentioned that the margin of organs at risk should be paid more attention when SIBIMRT in pancreatic cancer was worked out.

Objective To explore the plasma level of D-dimer in prastate cancer patients and its clinical significance. Methods The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the plasma level of D-dimer in 147 patients with prostate cancer（prostate cancer group）. The patients were followed-up for two year. The relationship between level of D-dimer and clinicopathological parameters（clinical stage，pelvic lymph node metastasis，distant organ metastasis，prostate specific antigen PSA level and Gleason score）along with prognosis were analyzed in patients with prostate cancer. Ninety-two patients with benign prostate disease（benign disease group）and 70 healthy men（healthy group）were enrolled as control. Results The plasma level of Ddimer of the prostate cancer group was（0.52±0.04） mg／L，higher than（0.26±0.08） mg／L of the benign disease group and（0.19±0.07） mg／L of the healthy group（P＜0.05）. The level of D-dimer was statistically different among different clinical stages，pelvic lymph node metastasis，distant organ metastasis， PSA level，Gleason score and prognosis（P＜0.05）. Compared with the corresponding items， there were higher levels of D-dimer in the items of Ⅲ-Ⅳ stage， with pelvic lymph node metastasis，with distant metastases， PSA level ＞20ng／ml，Gleason score ≥8 and death（P＜0.05）. ConclusionThe level of D-dimer elevated in patients with prostate cancer，and is closely related to clinical stages，metastasis and the level of PSA. It may facilitate the assessment of prognosis.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of nedaplatin combined with gemcitabine for advanced multipletreatment after failure of squamous cell lung cancer.
MethodsTwentysix advanced multipletreatment patients were enrolled in this study with histologically or cytologically diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma， which were given nedaplatin 80mg／m2 d1， gemcitabine 1000mg／m2， d1 and d8. Twentyone days was a cycle. Efficacy and toxicity were evaluated after 12 cycles， and progressionfree survival（PFS） was observed.
ResultsTwentythree patients were available for efficacy， with no complete remission cases， 6 cases of partial remission， 12 cases of stable and 5 cases of progress. Total response rate was 261％， the clinical benefit rate was 783％. The median PFS was 4 months. Major toxicities were liver damage and gastrointestinal tract， myelosuppression was obvious but can be tolerated.
ConclusionNedaplatin combined with gemcitabine in advanced multipletreatment after failure of squamous cell lung cancer is efficacy. The toxicity can be tolerated， worthy of further dissemination and research.

Invasion and metastasis are the main causes of cancer mortality. Platelets and adhesion molecules play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that platelets can protect tumor cells from circulatory immune clearance and promote tumor cells arreste by the vasculature, leading to further tissue damage in the process of tumor metastasis. In this review， we summarize the role of platelets in tumor metastasis according to the latest reports.

Autophagy is a conserved catabolism process existing in most eukaryotes with the phagocytosis and degradation of its own structure by lysosomal. It is not only an intracellular recycling system but also one form of programed cell death. The change of autophagic activity has been detected in varieties of tumors， while the roles of autophagy are paradoxical in the growth and development of tumors. With the rapid growth of solid tumors， the tumor microenvironment is characterized by ischemia and hypoxia， which is an important factor in promoting drug resistance. More and more studies have demonstrated that autophagy also plays a key role in the process of hypoxiainduced drug resistance. Hypoxia can induce autophagy through at least three pathways including hypoxiainducible factor 1， AMPactivated protein kinase and activating transcription factor 4. Therefore， autophagy is a potential target for antitumor drug resistance， and inhibiting autophagy is expected to be an effective strategy in the treatment of cancer.

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy （HIPEC）， a promising treatment modality for advanced gastric cancer， colorectal cancer， ovarian cancer and other abdominal malignant tumors with ascites， has been widely used in the clinic. The HIPEC supplemented by immunotherapy with intraperitoneal perfusion of interleukin2， interferon and other immune agents appears to be a feasible and effective treatment for malignant ascites. The combination of HIPEC and immunotherapy can be regarded as a scientific and comprehensive treatment. This review will focus on the clinical applications of HIPEC plus immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant ascites.

The incidence of primary liver cancer with portal vein tumor thrombus（PVTT） is very high. It is an important and difficult problem in the research field of liver cancer because of poor therapeutic effect，short lifetime and more complications. The radiation treatments for primary liver cancer with PVTT were reported more and more frequently，including three dimensional conformal radiation therapy，stereotactic body radiation therapy，proton radiation therapy，internal isotope therapy，radiation therapy combined with other therapeutic approach，etc.The therapeutic approach should be individualized and sequential according to the patients condition and the type of PVTT. This article reviews the recent literature and the relevant issues concerning the radiation treatments for primary liver cancer with PVTT.

Fluorouracil is important in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Compared with traditional 5fluorouracil， the oral fluorouracil（including UFT， doxifluridine， capecitabine， S1， etc） has numerous advantages such as： high efficiency， low toxicity， ease of application and so on. It is widely used in clinical. This review analyzes the mechanism of 5FU and the development of oral fluorouracil， and the recent status and progression of oral fluorouracil in treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.